Framework: NIST 800-53 Audio Course

Least Functionality (CM-7) requires systems to provide only the capabilities essential to mission needs, removing or disabling unnecessary services, features, roles, and ports. For exam purposes, understand that reducing functionality directly reduces attack surface and operational complexity, improving both security and reliability. CM-7 builds on CM-2 and CM-6 by ensuring that what is not in the baseline stays out of production and that permitted functions are explicitly justified. The control applies across operating systems, applications, middleware, and cloud services, including default components that vendors enable by convenience rather than necessity. Documented rationale for any enabled feature is part of the evidence package and must remain current as missions evolve.

In operation, CM-7 is executed through hardened images, allowlists, and provisioning workflows that activate only approved capabilities. Continuous assessments detect new services, listening ports, or permissions introduced by updates or side-loading, and they trigger remediation or review. Application allowlisting and egress controls prevent unauthorized components from running or phoning home, while periodic functionality reviews reconcile what is deployed against what is still required. Metrics such as reduction in exposed services, time to disable newly discovered unnecessary components, and incident correlation with unneeded features demonstrate impact. Pitfalls include “temporary” enablement that becomes permanent, lack of visibility into transitive dependencies, and broad role bundles that quietly restore unused privileges. When CM-7 is embedded into engineering and operations, least functionality becomes a measurable discipline that tightens defenses without impeding legitimate work.
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