Framework: NIST 800-53 Audio Course

Authorization (CA-6) is the formal, risk-based decision that a system may operate within defined conditions, made by an authorizing official who accepts residual risk backed by evidence. For exam readiness, know that CA-6 is not a rubber stamp; it relies on credible inputs—assessment results, POA&M status, continuous monitoring strategy, system documentation, and risk analyses. The decision letter should state the authorization type (initial, ongoing, interim), duration, terms, and any conditions or constraints such as required mitigations, monitoring frequencies, or usage limits. CA-6 links governance and operations by converting technical assurance into an executive accountability act, establishing a clear boundary of responsibility and expectations for performance and reporting.

In operation, mature programs treat authorization as a managed state, reaffirmed by evidence freshness and metric thresholds rather than expiring unnoticed. Dashboards show control effectiveness, open high-risk findings, incident history, and compliance with monitoring cadence; breaches of thresholds trigger review or conditional changes. Evidence includes signed authorization letters, risk acceptance memos, and periodic reaffirmations tied to CA-7 outputs. Metrics such as percentage of systems with current authorizations, average time from assessment to decision, and number of conditional authorizations lifted after remediation provide visibility. Pitfalls include outdated packages, misalignment between stated conditions and actual monitoring, and reliance on inherited controls without current provider artifacts. Mastery of CA-6 demonstrates that authorization is a living commitment: informed, constrained, and actively maintained to keep system risk within tolerable limits as environments evolve.
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